Analysis on the Operation Mode of Electric Vehicle Charging Station
0 Preface This article refers to the address: http:// At present, with the rapid development of electric vehicles, charging stations that are compatible with electric vehicles are becoming an emerging industry, and various capitals are competing to enter the field. State Grid has integrated electric vehicle charging stations into the unified planning of smart grids. It is the first to announce that it will build a network of charging stations in 27 cities nationwide in 2010. It plans to build 75 public charging stations, 6 209 AC charging stations and some battery replacement stations. China Southern Power Grid is also rolling out the construction of charging network on a large scale. It is understood that only in 2009, 2015, there will be 250 charging stations and 12,500 charging piles in Shenzhen. A total of 500 million yuan of equipment will be purchased, of which the value of charging equipment is about 339 million yuan. (Extraction of power distribution equipment). In addition to the two major power grid companies, the two major energy central enterprises (Sinopec and PetroChina) also began to deploy the charging station market. 1 vehicle charging mode 1.1 The idea of ​​vehicle charging mode The vehicle charging mode is the focus of research and experiment in many countries. This model considers the battery and the vehicle as a whole. The key to its large-scale development is the ability to develop and produce "large capacity, low cost, fast charging and long life". The battery product satisfies the user's needs in terms of convenience, and specifically includes two types of conventional charging and fast charging. 1.1.1 Regular charging After the battery is terminated, the battery should be charged immediately. The charging current is quite low and the size is about 15 A. This type of charging is called regular charging (normal charging). Conventional battery charging methods use a small current constant voltage or constant current charging, the general charging time is 5 ~ 8 h, and even as long as 10 to more than 20 hours. Although the charging time is longer, the power and current ratings are not critical, so the charger and installation cost are relatively low; the power can be fully utilized for charging, reducing the charging cost; improving the charging efficiency and extending the battery usage. life. This type of charging is usually applied to: design the electric vehicle's driving range as large as possible, to meet the day's operational needs of the vehicle, and only use the night outage time to charge. Under the current technical conditions, the battery's driving range is about 200 km. The average daily mileage of vehicles such as private cars, city sanitation vehicles, and corporate commercial vehicles is within the range of battery driving range. The way. 1.1.2 Fast charging Fast charging, also known as emergency charging, is a short-time charging service provided by a large current for a short period of time within 20 minutes to 2 hours of the electric vehicle parking (the specific charging time is determined by the receiving capacity of the electric vehicle power battery). The general charging current is 150 to 400 A. Charging time is short; rechargeable battery life is long (can be charged more than 2000 times); no memory, can be charged and discharged in large capacity, can charge 70% ~ 80% of electricity in a few minutes; due to charging in a short time (about For 10~15 min), the battery storage capacity can reach 80%-90%, which is similar to the refueling time, making the electric car very convenient to use. The charging method is applicable to the following: the average daily mileage of the electric vehicle is greater than the driving range of the battery, that is, 200 km, that is, the rapid replenishment of the vehicle during the running of the vehicle to meet the operational needs; for example, buses, taxis, etc. The daily average mileage is around 300 km, and there is still about 100 km of electricity to be replenished by fast charging during peak and flat periods. Of course, it is also possible to replace the battery to supply energy. 1.2 Analysis of the operation and profit mode of the vehicle charging mode The charging method of conventional charging and fast charging in the electric vehicle charging mode is the same, but the charging fee charged to the user is different. The operation of this model requires the participation of companies and individuals in all aspects of the industry, including electric vehicle manufacturers, battery manufacturers, intermediate operators (establishment companies), energy supply companies and charging stations, electric vehicle users and government departments. In the operation mode, the energy supply enterprise first constructs an electric vehicle charging station by paying a certain construction cost to the intermediate operator (the station building enterprise). When the user comes to the charging station to charge the electric vehicle, the energy supply company and the charging station charge the user a certain charging fee to realize their own profit. The profit value of energy supply enterprises and charging stations = (user's charging cost + government department station subsidy) - (electric vehicle charging station construction fee + electric vehicle charging station daily operating expenses), the specific operation process is shown in Figure 1. 1.3 Management and payment of vehicle charging The management and payment of vehicle charging is carried out by swiping the card. Electric vehicle users can use the IC card provided by the energy supply company to charge the car. At present, there is no uniform regulation on the charging price of electric vehicles, but each province and city can be charged according to other categories of local commercial power. 2 Replace battery mode 2.1 Replace the battery mode idea The replacement battery mode, also called the rental battery mode, is a way of thinking about separating the vehicle from the battery. The user only purchases the car, and the special battery rental company is responsible for the purchase, rental, charging, quick replacement and management of the battery. It allows users to get energy supplies as easily as “car refuelingâ€. Its operation mode is to centrally charge the standardized battery through each battery replacement station. When the electric vehicle user needs to supplement the energy, it is very convenient to replace the charged battery at any one of the replacement stations. 2.2 Analysis of operation and profitability of battery replacement mode The operation of the electric vehicle replacement battery mode is the same as that of the enterprises and individuals involved in the operation of the vehicle charging mode, and has been specifically described above. Energy supply enterprise and power station profit value = (user's electricity cost + battery rental fee + profit from selling used battery + government department subsidy) - (battery purchase cost + battery replacement station construction fee + battery maintenance cost + battery replacement station daily operation The specific operation process is shown in Figure 3. The specific operation process includes battery rental, battery replacement, battery maintenance and battery recovery. 2.2.1 Battery rental After the energy supply company purchases the battery, it will construct the replacement station by paying a certain construction fee to the intermediate operator (the establishment company). After purchasing the "naked car", the electric vehicle user can go to the battery replacement station to apply for the corresponding "lease procedure" and pay a certain rent to make the electric car put into use. The procedures and rents for leasing are negotiated by the relevant departments. What is certain for the rent is that because the consumer is replaced by a fully charged battery, and with some other costs, the price of the leased battery must be charged at home. Expensive, but definitely far less than the cost of fuel. The user not only has to pay the rent during the use of the battery, but also needs to pay the corresponding electricity fee to the battery replacement station according to the consumption of the battery every time the battery is replaced. 2.2.2 Quick replacement of the battery In order to make the replacement faster, the vehicle that needs to replace the battery should submit a battery replacement request to the station before the station enters the station, so that the station can arrange the parking position, notify the battery replacement library to prepare the whole vehicle to replace the battery, and transport it to the replacement battery area and prepare to unload the equipment. When the vehicle enters the station, according to the dispatching instruction, the car is driven to the exact position of the replacement battery area, and the battery is ready to be replaced. Before replacing the battery, you must carefully read the fault record of the vehicle monitoring device to check whether the vehicle battery is faulty during operation. If there is a fault record, record the fault information (including the fault location and type). Then clear the fault record. Then replace the battery, first disconnect the high and low voltage power supply of the vehicle, and then unload the battery. When unloading, separate the faulty battery and the faultless battery. For the faulty battery box, send the faulty battery and fault information to the maintenance workshop together, and the faultless battery box is charged to the charging area. After the uninstallation is completed, the prepared battery is loaded. Turn on the high and low voltage power supply of the whole vehicle, and then perform a fault diagnosis to ensure that the vehicle will drive out of the replacement battery area after the battery is replaced. The specific process is shown in Figure 4. 2.2.3 Battery maintenance When the battery is in use, the capacity of the individual battery may be seriously uneven. In this way, when the battery is charged in series, as long as the charging voltage of one battery reaches the maximum limit voltage, the charging is stopped immediately, and at this time, the individual battery with a lower voltage is still under-charged; in turn, during the driving of the electric vehicle, If the voltage of one battery drops to the lowest limit voltage, the power battery is disconnected from discharging, and the individual battery capacity of the higher voltage cannot be fully utilized. In this long-term recycling, the capacity of electric vehicle power batteries will become more and more uneven, and the mileage of a fully charged battery will be greatly reduced. In order to make full use of the energy storage efficiency of lithium-ion power batteries and reduce the cost of use, the charging station construction needs to set battery capacity test and charge and discharge maintenance equipment. When the capacity of the electric vehicle power battery drops significantly, the equipment can be used for a single battery. Capacity test, and the battery with backward capacity is charged and discharged several times to fully activate the active material and restore the capacity. For the quick-change battery module, the device is used to perform capacity detection on the single battery, and the batteries with the same capacity are re-grouped to improve the utilization rate of the battery. In addition, a battery data user profile can be set up to provide advice for electric vehicle customers. 2.2.4 Battery recycling Another major benefit of battery rental is the ability to recover residual values. About 50% of the value can be recycled and reused, such as the outer casing of the battery, electrodes, etc., so the battery company can lease the battery and recycle the battery. By processing and protecting the environment, the overall operating cost can be saved, and the overall system cost is reduced. Although lithium batteries are different from lead-acid batteries, they do not contain corrosive chemicals. However, if left in the dump, it not only causes waste, but also has the potential to contaminate groundwater. Lithium-ion batteries can be recycled. Before recycling, they should be frozen to -325 ° C to remove lithium metal, then cut and separated. Although lithium metal is difficult to sell in the free market, other metal elements in lithium batteries, such as nickel and cobalt, are very precious. It is a pity to send lithium-ion batteries directly to the dump. 3 Development direction of the operation mode of electric vehicle charging station in China Which model should be selected for the operation of the electric vehicle charging station should focus on the core objective of “promoting and popularizing the electric vehicle industry quickly, healthily and efficientlyâ€, and comprehensively consider the development trend and realistic conditions. The most important aspects include the following three aspects: The first is the overall economic and convenience of consumers, which is related to the competitiveness of the operating model; the second is the profit model of energy supply enterprises, which determines the sustainable development capacity of electric vehicle charging stations; the third is the operation of urban power grids. The impact of this is a key factor in the ability of the city's entire grid to operate safely and efficiently. 1) The slow charging method in the charging of the whole vehicle can make full use of the low-voltage power charging, and the electricity cost is relatively reduced, but the charging time is too long, which makes the use of the vehicle very inconvenient; the charging time in the fast charging mode is short and easy to use, but the charging cost is relatively high. High, and will greatly shorten the battery life; and the initial purchase and subsequent replacement of the battery in the vehicle charging mode is very expensive (about 30% to 50% of the total cost of the vehicle). The battery replacement mode may only increase the rental fee and electricity bill by a certain amount than the vehicle charging mode. However, if the cost of purchasing the battery is saved, if the policy and management are in place, the operating cost of the vehicle during the whole life period will be significantly lower than that of the whole vehicle. The charging mode and the flexibility and convenience of changing the battery mode are relatively good. 2) The battery change mode belongs to the new energy logistics mode. The battery replacement mode is conducive to large-scale, standardized production of battery manufacturers, and is conducive to large-scale procurement and intensive management of energy supply enterprises, which can significantly reduce total operating costs. As a relatively independent intermediary operator, energy supply enterprises are conducive to the government to impose more targeted support and preferential policies, such as electricity price policy, purchase of battery subsidy policies, etc., easy to establish a clear financial profit model, than simply providing charging services Achieve higher economic returns and greater room for development. 3) The rapid development of fast charging in vehicle charging will make the problem of harmonic pollution of the power grid prominent and the cost of treatment will increase. The battery-changing mode is convenient for centralized dispatching, management and monitoring. It can maximize the peak-shaving effect, improve the power system load rate, minimize the adverse effects of harmonic pollution on the power grid, and facilitate the safe and stable operation of the power grid. Optimized use of power resources. In summary, the battery replacement mode has more prominent advantages and broader development prospects. Considering the needs of different needs and the replenishment of electric energy under special circumstances, the operation mode of replacing the battery and supplementing the whole vehicle will become the mainstream mode for the future development of electric vehicle charging stations in China. 4 Conclusion Electric vehicles are zero-emission, zero-pollution new energy green products with good development prospects. The energy supply of electric vehicles is the premise and basis for their development. Electric vehicle charging stations are an important infrastructure for electric vehicle energy supply. Is it an important infrastructure? A new and efficient commercial operation model is the key to the development of the industry. This paper hopes to provide ideas and theoretical basis for the long-term development of electric vehicle charging stations in China through the discussion of the operation mode of electric vehicle charging stations. Wireless Reverse Camera And Monitor System Shenzhen Sunveytech Co.,LTD , https://www.sunveytech.com
However, “a new, advanced technology or method cannot expect potential consumers to be widely aware of what it calls obvious benefits. It is a social process involving people’s values, consumption habits, life experiences and even Interpersonal influence, which is the process of changing the structure and function of the entire social system. Therefore, it is not enough for a new industry to have only technological innovation. It also requires innovation in the business operation model. Technological progress is only an external manifestation of industrial growth, and innovation based on the business model of institutional genes is the key to industrial development. In China, the business of electric vehicle charging stations has just started, the operation mode has not yet formed, and the relevant interest groups have different trends in industrial development. According to the actual situation of foreign electric vehicle charging stations, according to different technologies and charging methods, the operating mode of electric vehicle charging stations can be basically divided into two modes: “complete vehicle charging†and “battery replacementâ€. 
When the user needs to charge, the IC card is placed in the card slot, and the charging post confirms the user identity according to the information in the IC card, and after confirming, prompts the user to make a correct connection; then the user carries the charging gun on the charging pile with the vehicle. Connect, at the same time on the charging pile operation interface to set the charging parameters, select the charging mode (quantitative charging, fixed amount charging, automatic full); when the user completes the setting work and starts charging, the charging pile performs the corresponding data reading , recording and other processing work, and control the electrical circuit to power up the output connector; after the charging process is started, the user removes the IC card, the charging pile automatically performs charging and related data measurement and recording processing; when the charging process reaches the end condition, charging The pile stops charging. When the user swipes the card again, the operation interface displays the complete charging information, prompting the user to disconnect the charging pile from the vehicle, and performing the fee settlement operation, printing the bill of charge, etc. (At this time, if the user directly removes the card without performing The settlement of the fee, then when the user next charges, the billing system will automatically deduct the charging charge that was charged last time, otherwise the current user will not be charged.) The specific process is shown in Figure 2. 
